Evolution

Explain, with examples, how the following provide evidence for evolution: (i) homologous organs, (ii) analogous organs, (iii) fossils. Distinguish between divergent and convergent evolution.

Explain industrial melanism in the peppered moth as an example of natural selection.

State the Hardy-Weinberg principle. List any two factors that disturb the genetic equilibrium of a population.

Describe the experiment performed by Miller and Urey. What did it demonstrate about the chemical origin of life? Briefly outline Oparin and Haldane's theory.

Explain the three types of natural selection — stabilising, directional and disruptive — with the help of graphs.

What is adaptive radiation? Explain with the example of Darwin's finches.

Arrange the following in the correct sequence of human evolution and mention one key feature of each: Homo habilis, Australopithecus, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens.

What is the founder effect? To which evolutionary factor is it related?

How does comparative anatomy of vertebrate hearts and forelimbs support the theory of evolution by common descent?

How many marks is Evolution worth in the Class 12 board exam?

Around 7 marks of the 70-mark CBSE Biology theory paper, based on the official unit-wise weightage. Hardy-Weinberg principle + evidences of evolution.

Is Evolution easy or hard?

It's rated medium — a moderate-difficulty chapter in Class 12 Biology. Most students need about 4 hours to cover it well.

What should I focus on in Evolution?

Going by the board papers themselves, the recurring areas are Evidences of Evolution, Natural Selection, Hardy-Weinberg Principle, Origin of Life, Types of Natural Selection — that's where the marks actually sit.

What questions come from Evolution in board exams?

Between 2018–2024, CBSE board papers asked questions from this chapter on Evidences of Evolution, Natural Selection, Hardy-Weinberg Principle, Origin of Life — 1- to 5-mark questions.